![]() Finally, the Neerfeld–Hill model as a generalization was implemented to introduce the hkl-specific X-ray elastic constants for calculating the residual stress magnitude within the least-squares minimization routine. Starting from the single-crystal elastic coefficients, the X-ray elastic constants according to the Voigt and Reuss models were calculated. Going beyond previous work, the applied refinements directly include the influence of elastic anisotropy on the residual stress results. Its evaluation within the tetragonal, trigonal and cubic phases present was performed by a whole powder pattern decomposition procedure according to Pawley. The residual stress state of ion-conducting layers (yttria stabilized zirconia) and protective hard coatings (α-aluminium oxide, titanium carbonitride) was investigated using X-ray diffraction techniques.
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